Misunderstanding in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: Free Essay Writer

Misconstruing in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Walter Cunningham showing up and introducing himself at the finch family unit suggests some conversation starters for Jem. Right off the bat she can't comprehend the agrarian terms as Atticus and Walter talk about harvests. â€Å"†¦but there’s another’n at the house now that’s field size.† Jem accepts this as Walter saying that he has utilized somebody to help with the cutting and hence inquires as to whether he paid with a bushel of potatoes. Jem’s mentality of the Cunningham’s not paying cash yet paying in the manners they can originates from Atticus’ counsel in the past pages. Jem’s wonder at how Atticus and Walter talked together like two men unmistakably originates from a misconception of the Cunningham family. Her comprehension of the Cunninghams are that they are not the most honed devices in the shed. Her awe is featured by the statement, â€Å"†¦he and Atticus talked together like two men, to the wonderment of Jem and me.† Once more, later on in the concentrate, Jem doesn't comprehend that Walter is similarly as human as she seems to be. By and by Harper Lee presents the realities with a little allusion which addresses separation which is fundamentally the core of the book. â€Å"He ain’t organization, Cal, he’s only a Cunningham.† Another of Jem’s misconceptions is the molasses occurrence. Again she can't comprehend why Walter douses his food in molasses. It most likely will begin from Walter’s childhood as a â€Å"farm boy†. Molasses was most likely modest as chips on the ranch where money related trouble was overflowing. The creator anyway utilizes a skilful expression utilized in the South of America while depicting Jem’s astonishment, â€Å"†¦what the sam slope he was doing.† Jem does anyway comprehend that Calpurnia is one minority individual who is taught. Jem understands this by how great her language structure was during serenity. Again there is a misconception on Jem’s part. She sums up by infers that most hued society are not instructed. The creator presents these realities so that it contacts a significant subject of the book, misconception. As Calpurnia sent Jem off with a smack, Jem commented that she’ll go what's more, suffocate herself in Barker’s Eddy. This burdens the way that Jem doesn't comprehend the available resources of control. The creator presents Jem nearly as an adamant young lady who just can't acknowledge that this shaded woman could guide her and how to introduce herself. By and by Miss Caroline Fisher becomes possibly the most important factor. Her severe agreement to the standards of the new training framework doesn't permit Jem to peruse or compose.

Business Law Assignment-Immigrants as employees Essay

Business Law Assignment-Immigrants as workers - Essay Example Accordingly, there have been calls for on managers to make a move and obligation in appropriately screening their non-resident laborers. Be that as it may, this has end up being a test with these workers utilizing escape clauses to pick up licenses and other significant substantial records. This uncover explains the job of the business in the issue of unlawful migrant representatives and the issue of specific implementation of movement laws. What's more, the uncover further glances at the privileges of those representatives who have worked in the nation for long as illicit outsiders. At last, the uncover analyzes there is a support in the immigrants’ journey for a superior life and inability to adhere to and uphold the law when helping residents of different countries. There is no uncertainty that businesses should assume a job in the implementation of the migration laws. Be that as it may, the issue whether the business ought to be the point of convergence while upholding movement laws is in itself banter since it delineates disappointment in the frameworks concerning execution of the settlements laws. For example, while leading the attack at Swift and Co., a portion of the illicit migrants who worked in the organization had legitimate reports with them. These substantial reports included lawful government disability quantities of United States occupants utilized by the outsiders to secure work allows and gain work at Swift yet illicitly (Herridge). Consequently, when the business, Swift Co. for this situation, distinguishes substantial licenses gave because of legitimate government disability number there is no need of exploiting them since there are provisos that the illicit migrant utilized. The fundamental experimental run program is a significant apparatus to guarantee that the businesses assume their job in distinguishing unlawful settlers while utilizing them. Basically, the program empowers bosses confirm electronically whether non-residents utilized, or looking for work, in the organization are qualified for business. This apparatus adequately turns into a pivotal and

Bumps, slumps, trips, and

Bumps, slumps, trips, and Ah, 2014, a year full of bumps, slumps, trips, and cycles? When you dont blog for a long time, you lose your ability to rhyme. Not that rhymings necessary, but it was always a crutch for me. I digress. Lets kick the old crutches to the curb as well (overabundant ellipses and (still) parentheticals. Off to a rocking start). Im sure at this point, youve all heard plenty of life updates and reflections on the MIT (and post-MIT) experience. Identifying as a hipster-sans-the-fashion, Im inclined to do something different, but as a last-minute blogger, Im not going to! Ill start with a picture. It is 2014, and an embarrassment to engineers everywhere that the cameras on my 2014 smartphone and my 7th grade palm pilot are equally potato. This is a picture of my third apartment, the first place after MIT that feels like home. Like many other MIT ex-bloggers and MIT ex-pats, I live a stones throw away in Cambridges Central Square. My lifestyle has changed in ways subtle and profound. For example, rather than a near-daily burrito from Annas Tacqueria, I have a new staple food that comes in a brown paper bag: Brazilian cheese bread. Ill leave it to you to decide whether thats a subtle or profound change. This looks about as appetizing as the last photo of an Annas burrito I posted to the blogs, so I dont feel bad. Life away from MIT is great; the good parts are what Id hoped for, and the parts I was afraid of are better. First and foremost, Im incredibly happy with the people in my life. They still have just as many pursuits theyre head-over-heels passionate about, and intelligent debates and inquiries still grow spontaneously from daily conversation like Athena from Zeus. Just last month, my roommates and I calculated what itd take to build a raft to ride our couch down the Charles for the 4th of July, and argued endlessly about how to prove that it wouldnt tip over. I think a lot of people are scared to leave the MIT bubble. People flock to San Francisco or stay in Cambridge and around campus because they fear they wont find friends with the mindset they have at MIT. Ironically, a friend from Caltech was similarly scared that after graduation she wouldnt find similar people. That fear dissolved when she met a bunch of people from MIT. Out of all the environments youll experience, MIT may have an extraordinarily high concentration of talented, curious, and passionate people, but since graduation, Ive met people from other schools, from totally different backgrounds, with more varied passions than ever before. I volunteered at a film festival, I discovered local classical music and jazz clubs, and Ive pursued photo projects with some of the most unlikely people. Its not MIT, but it is great; its just different. Changes of scenery like that are important, as Anna has so eloquently stated. But my geographical scenery hasnt changed much. Having now lived in the Boston area for 23 years, the question I keep asking myself is: what am I losing by not leaving? 2013-2014 has been a good year to answer that question (yes, Im still young enough that I think in school years and not calendar years!). After graduation, I was burned out, and with good reason: Id had three years without a vacation. Id taken exciting summer internships that went back-to-back with school. I spent IAPs on intense competitions and winter internships. I taught the best classes while finishing my undergraduate degree, and along the way I squeezed in time for amazing people. But it was always a squeeze; I never left time for a vacation, and the end of my senior year it was a struggle to stay afloat. To recover from the burnout, I took fall 2014 off. I traveled and collected stories as is the rite of passage for the 20-something: I learned from a gangster (who showed me his three knife-fight scars) what its like to mug someone, I visited both buildings in Cleveland, I wandered into a dance studio on a Wednesday afternoon and talked my way into a free waltz lesson, and I went to the middle of nowhere to visit a friend I made on a train. I had a great semester off, and all was well. Stata Center, Cleveland edition? After a refreshing fall full of travel, I came back to MIT for a masters, but it didnt sit right. Although I (*really*) loved the class I was taking, I was in all other aspects less productive than Ive ever been. I made excuses, many of them valid. I told myself I was dissatisfied with the wrong research, a project Id scrambled to join when my original spring funding disappeared at the last minute. I told myself I was frustrated by administrative and organizational snafus. I told myself I was trying to jump back in to school too quickly. These were true, but I thought I could find ways to defeat them: I took time to myself to work on my projects and I took vacations to recharge after a couple months of work, but at the end of the day I was still running behind. Even though one of the things I took away from MIT was a thousandfold-amplified appetite for work, I was in a slump. The excuses I made to myself prevented me from seeing this. Especially prolonging my slump were the short-term problems: the doctors telling us my grandfather wouldnt survive the weekend (he did! and hes doing wonderfully), an unexpected four-figure bill shrouded in paperwork that needed to be paid ASAP, a weeklong flu. Because I readily took these excuses as valid, I let them obscure the bigger problem. They let me delude myself. I couldnt because I   hid the fact that I wouldnt have anyway. Such bumps in the road are dangerous; they make slumps longer and harder to spot. The upswings hid the truth from me, too. Every time Id travel or take time for myself even when staring down a mountain of work, I felt great. I recovered for a week, for a weekend, for an afternoon. In the end, it was just convincing myself I was okay for a short period of time, rather than facing the systemic problem I was having with my semester. Although I wouldnt take back any of my trips or extracurricular pursuits from this year, Id have enjoyed them much more if Id addressed the underlying problem leading me to run away. Eight months later, I think Ive found a solution. My inspiration came from two revelations. The first revelation comes from the slightly embarrassing photo at the top of this post: all of the musical instruments in my 9x12 bedroom. Being passionate about many hobbies has always been an important part of my identity and an important factor in my happiness. Some days my pursuit of pursuits feels like a revolving door, but more often its a merry-go-round. I spent a lot of time on photography in high school, and I got back into it in a big way last year. Likewise, I took piano lessons for eleven years, guitar for two, and trumpet for one, and as you may have guessed, Ive been reconnecting with my love of noise-making tubules and twangy-bits this summer. Quoth Battlestar Galactica: All this has happened before, and all of it will happen again. The cycle of hobbies is almost a guarantee in my life. A hobby I know I love, though, felt lackluster, and the pints of ice cream from the 24/7 convenience store across the street looked much more appetizing. Where had the energy gone? I was searching for that energy when I really saw the slump beneath it all, and how it was spreading throughout my life. A vacation, a project, a weekend with friends wasnt what I needed; there was something deeper. I was losing interest in much of my work from a dangerous excuse Id used: when I wasnt motivated, it must have been because the work I was doing wasnt what I was really interested in. But coming across my usual hobbies and finding them less vivid snapped me out of it. Ive just been getting lazy. And thats okay: it happens. Now that I see it, I can do something about it. The second revelation was also a long time coming, but it finally struck me as fully developed last week. Reading the aforelinked blog post by Anna, I knew what I needed. I needed change. Shaking loose and starting over doesnt mean disconnecting from hobbies and cutting off friends indeed, I hope those stick around and bring me renewed vigor and happiness but it does mean taking out of your life the things that arent working. I may choose to disagree with Anna about the physical ties I have to Boston; Ive loved exploring the city with new eyes informed by a different place in life (and a near-total separation from MIT social life), but its time for me to try something new occupationally. Recognizing slumps and breaking out of them is hard, and I know theyll happen again, but Im not afraid to leave MIT for a different reason than Anna: its not working for me anymore. It worked for a long time, and Id love to work with it again some day, but its time for a change of pace. Theres still a good chance I return to finish my masters degree, because theres research Id really like to do (for example, this is so cool), and I might have stuck around this fall had there been funding to do it. I think its better that I dont continue it right now, though. Ive been in school for many years, and Ive loved the renaissance of knowledge that is academia, but I want to focus my energy on one thing, and I want to build it up! I just hope that doesnt mean I have to build the next tumblr for left-handed Uber drivers. Yep, Im going to get a job. Thats the conclusion. Egad, how old am I? I mean, holy cow, the blogs are 10! And Petey is older than 10*! I thought wed have flying cars by now. *Even if he doesnt always seem it. So long (for now), MIT, and thanks for all the blogger burgers! Heres to checking back in after 10 more years. -Cam PS: Thanks for the couches, too. PPS I realize I put the trombone together backwards for that shot. I dont play it that way. Also, the mini-drumset was a gag gift.

Lord Of Flies By William Golding - 1508 Words

In the ‘Lord of flies’ by William Golding, the theme of civilization vs. Savagery is explored. When a bunch of children are stranded on an island, the conflict between savagery and the rules of civilization begins to split the boys into two groups. Throughout the novel, the conflict is exaggerated by the two main characters, Ralph and Jack. While Ralph uses his abilities to control the kids and be civilized on the island. Jack lets his impulses get to him and creates a group of which act like savages. In the novel, the boys struggle to act civilized and follow certain rules. Golding shows how different children follow their instincts of civilization and savagery to different degrees. The Lord of the Flies mainly represents the conflict†¦show more content†¦In the novel, it says â€Å"If I blow the conch and they don’t come back. And another thing we can’t have everybody talking at once. We’ll have to have hands up like at school.† Whe n everyone puts their hands up to use the conch it shows that they are still maintaining their civil ways on the island to try to handle the hard situation they are stuck in. Although, the conch was also used for power by the antagonist Jack who showed his savage side when trying to get ahold of the conch. Instead of being civil enough to ask Ralph to use the conch and stick with the rules, Jack used his own group to try to do anything possible to kill Ralph. His savage instincts and human impulses got in his way and overpowered his civility. The conch shell is a powerful marker of democratic order on the island. As the conflict between Ralph and Jack deepens, the conch shell reduces in symbolic importance. Jack declares that the conch is meaningless as a symbol of authority and order. Due to this, its decline in importance signals the decline of civilization on the island and overcome by savagery. Another way the theme is portrayed in the novel is by the killing of the pig. When the boys first see the pig, Jack gets hesitant to kill the pig because he was scared of killing the pig and seeing the blood. In the book, it says, â€Å"they knew very well why he hadn t: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood†.Show MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Psychology Sometimes people wear fake personas like a cloak over their shoulders, used to hide what is really underneath. This harsh reality is witnessed in William Golding’s classic Lord of the Flies, a novel that is famous for not only its sickening plot, but also for the emotional breakdowns all of its characters experience. These issues are akin to those shown in certain real-world psychological experiments. A summary of Golding’s Lord of the Flies, combined with the evidenceRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1347 Words   |  6 Pages The theme of The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is the reason society is flawed is because people are flawed. Although Piggy is knowledgeable, he has many flaws including his laziness and physical inabilities. Ralph is an authority seeker. He sets rules and laws, yet does little to enforce them. Ralph wants to be the ruler, without doing the work to enforce his laws. Jack is persistent. He is rude, harsh and violent in or der to get what he wants. He wants to be supreme. Piggy’s flaws areRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1123 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Lord of The Flies by William Golding, the characters Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent important World War II leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Winston Churchill. Golding, who had served in World War II, was well aware of the savagery created, and used it to base his book on. Ralph represents Franklin Roosevelt , Jack represents Adolf Hitler, and Piggy represents Winston Churchill. Ralph being of the novel’s main protagonist is important in the outcome of the story becauseRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Lord of the Flies Essay The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding and published on September 17, 1954 is a story told about a group of stranded boys and their fight for survival against the wilderness and themselves. In this story many signs of symbolism are used by Golding to point out certain aspects of society that Golding thought strongly of. This story on first read may just seem to be a survival- esque piece of literature but, on a deeper look one can find Golding’s true motiveRead MoreLord of The Flies by William Golding619 Words   |  2 PagesGovernments are no different; they fight for power just like the rest of us do. They just do it on a much bigger scale. Qualities from Oligarchy, Totalitarianism, Democracy, Dictatorship, and Anarchy governments are used in several parts of Lord of The Flies that represent different characters and different situations. An Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization. A Totalitarianism government is a form of government that permits no individual freedom and thatRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as the y have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreLord of the Flies, by William Golding1055 Words   |  5 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain peace and balance for a period of time. He is charismaticRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link together

Epic Tips For Getting Government Contracts - 857 Words

EPIC TIPS FOR GETTING GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS — FROM A PRO Government contracting veteran Lisa Martin opens up her playbook The U. S. government spends hundreds of billions of dollars each year buying everything from roads to commodes. And yes, that includes professional services. For example, in the government, marketing is called education and outreach. It includes just about every type of promotional service you can think of including, branding, website development, focus groups, advertising, marketing collateral, trade show support and more. Lisa Martin knows because her firm, LeapFrog Solutions, has been winning and fulfilling contracts with the federal government for 20 years. â€Å"We ve worked with nine different agencies—both as a prime contractor and subcontractor—and have provided the government with a full gamut of marketing services, said Ms. Martin. â€Å"Government contracts can be a great source of revenue for both new and established businesses. But to get those contracts, you have to understand the process and how to navigate it.† With that in mind, Ms. Martin provides these tips for doing business with the government: 1. Learn the government alphabet soup. There are scores of acronyms that are commonly used in government business—GSA, OSDBU, COTR, SDB, etc. Learning the federal lingo will make the process that much easier. 2. Know where to look for opportunities. Start with FedBizOps.gov GSAAdvantage.gov, GSAeLibrary.gsa.gov and SBA.gov/contracting. Chances areShow MoreRelatedCuba after the Fall of the Soviet Union2330 Words   |  9 Pagesconfront a siege-type of situation, and therefore extreme scarcity.’(Hernandez-Reguant, 2009: 2) In this essay, I am going to explore the changes and transformation that occurred in Cuba after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cuban government were very adamant that the economy and the politics would stay firmly separated, but this was obviously going to be very difficult.I will interrogate the ways in which the Cuban population had to adapt to the new restrictions on resources of foodRead MoreCreating Brand Image of Bangladesh Through Developing Tourism Sector6698 Words   |  27 Pages315 bird species, 53 reptiles and 8 amphibians. The larger terrestrial mammals are Royal Bengal Tiger, spotted deer, Rhesus macaque and Indian smooth otter. St. Martins Island: This small coral island about 10km (6mi) southwest of the southern tip of the mainland is a tropical clichà ©, with beaches fringed with coconut palms and bountiful marine life. There’s nothing more strenuous to do here than soak up the rays, but it’s a clean and peaceful place without even a mosquito to disrupt your serenityRead MoreHiv/Aids South Africa5278 Words   |  22 Pagesand being bit or stung by an insect that has been infected with AIDS. All of these are falsehoods that do nothing but fuel discrimination and segregation. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that the only way one is likely to contract HIV is through unprotected sex with someone who has HIV, sharing needles with someone who has HIV, being birthed by an HIV positive woman, or having an infected blood transfusion which is highly unlikely in most developed countries (CDC, 2007). In-orderRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSelected Relevant Supreme Court Cases 69 Cases Concerning Discrimination 69 Cases Concerning Reverse Discrimination 71 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: English-Only Rules 72 Enforcing Equal Opportunity Employment 72 The Role of the EEOC 72 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) 73 Current Issues in Employment Law 74 What Is Sexual Harassment? 74 Are Women Reaching the Top of Organizations? 75 DID YOU KNOW?: EEOC Reaches Out to Young Workers 76 HRM in a Global Environment 78 Summary 79 LinkingRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesD) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofit organizations. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) ________ is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. A) Marketing management B) Knowledge management C) Operations management D) Strategic management E) Distribution management Answer: A

The Battle Of The American Civil War - 998 Words

The American Civil War was fought from April 12th 1861 to May 9th 1865 to mark the bloodiest clash in American history. The civil war started as a result of differences between the free and slave states over the authority of the national government to outlaw slavery in the Southern states. The economy of the northern states had modernized and industrialization had taken root. They had invested heavily in their transport system, financial industries and communications network. The Southern economy produced cotton in large scale and relied slave labor. There was need to expand their economic empire and outlawing slavery could be detrimental to its progress. When Abraham Lincoln the candidate of antislavery Republican Party won the presidential election in 1860, the southern states seceded organizing as the Confederates States of America. On April 12, 1861, they opened fire on Fort Sumter at South Carolina. Lincoln called militia to suppress the rebels. Four more states joined the rebels and by the end of 1861, several battles had taken place. (Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, 2006) In 1861, military actions began in Virginia where non slave holding pro-Union Virginians sought to secede from the Confederacy. McClellan in command of federal forces in southern Ohio encountered small forces sent by Lee and won three significant battles. His victories helped toward elimination of Confederate resistance in northwestern Virginia which had refused to recognize secession. On May 6, LeeShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages How could a traumatic war possibly be a great cause to our country? The battles of the American Civil War for example, has dramatically affected this country in a plethora of ways; from abolishing slavery in the South, uniting the United States, and changing the political and social ways of how we are today. However, these are not the only changes to occur. Military and medicine started to advance, and even different cultures and languages began to develop across the land. As of today, it has beenRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War905 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil war occurred about seventy-eight years after the American Revolution, and has many of the same characteristics of a revolution. In both wars, the American people fought for what they believed in and the way of life that they wished to live. However, the two wars differ from each other, as the soldiers that fought in the Civil War fought a new American Revolution that could have split the new world. The Confederate soldiers in the Civil War fought to keep their way of life withoutRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesOn April 12th 1861 the famous American Civil War began, citizens from all over the United states fought against one another. The war pitted brother against brother in a fight primarily over the freedom of slaves. The majority of soldiers in the Civil War were white especially those serving the southern regiments, however African Americans served as well. The black regiments of the military during the civil were successful and essential. These African Americans were referred to as Buffalo SoldiersRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War869 Words   |  4 PagesA Confederate Divided The American Civil War has become a point of controversy and argument when discussing key events in shaping America. The arguments that arise when discussing the war tend to focus on whether the Confederate was constitutionally justified in seceding, or whether the North had the right to prevent the secession. However, when discussing the America Civil War and the idea of separation, it is important to be mindful that separation did not simply end at the state level.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pagesback with hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple reasons, including the e mergence of a new form of large national government withRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1425 Words   |  6 PagesThree years after the attack on Fort Sumter, one of the most controversial battles of the American Civil War was fought in West Tennessee. The battle at Fort Pillow, located near the Mississippi River about 50 miles north of Memphis, was a bloody slaughter of a mixed Union garrison. The garrison was comprised of 557 men total, about half of those men were African American s in the 6th U.S. Regiment Colored Heavy Artillery, and the 2nd Colored Light Artillery, commanded by Major Lionel F. Booth.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1018 Words   |  5 Pages On September 17, 1862, the Union and Confederate armies met near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg in a battle that still remains the single bloodiest day in American history. The battle consisted of many attacks and counterattacks between Union General George B. McClellan and The Army of the Potomac against Confederate Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Confederates managed to fight relentlessly over the course of the struggle. However, afterRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War2055 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War was an infamous struggle fought, primarily, on the issue of slavery. This war shook the nation to its very core, and its legacy has lived on in the hearts and minds of American citizens. Few words have a stronger impact, or strike as familiar of a note, as the words â€Å"Four score and seven years ago.† Americans recognize this statement on a subconscious level, even if they do not know whe re they are from. These words were spoken in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, at a pivotalRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stonewall† Jackson was alive in a very tense time for American History. The Southern States were in a full scale rebellion from the Union now calling themselves The Confederate States of America. The previously unified nation was split into two opposing sides going head to head in a battle to the death, with no end in sight. Starting his career in the US military, Jackson continued on to become one of the most famous generals in the American Civil War. Many historians consider him not only a strong leaderRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was a battle that took place in the United States from 1861 to 1865. This war ripped the entire country into two opposing sides and forced them to fight against each other due to differences in beliefs. Al though this War brought great tragedy across the entire nation, some refer to this time period as an American Revolution. But how could a time that caused mass amounts of death and terror be considered a period that revolutionized the country? By exploring this time period

Leadership Challenges Critical Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Challenges for Critical Perspective. Answer: Introduction: I think the virtue of self confidence is measured with the parameter which normally denotes the way in which the challenges of any tasks are accepted with the confidence of complying the requirement of the job with the level of utmost perfection. Self confidence drives a person who has proactive attitude to face any challenge with the quality of good analytical skill to assess the challenges or threats related to the assignment. My self confidence drives me to go forward and do the work with the team. According to me, the other aspect of self confidence is to motivate the team and individual for a specified purpose. Self confidence arises from the quality of knowledge which is theoretical and with the power of application as practical approach of the theory. Personal Resilience: To analyze myself on the issue of personal resilience as a part of self assessment, the issue is to assess flexibility of myself. Flexibility may be of different types for different aspects so for self assessment is concerned. While leadership is applicable to work as a team for accomplishment of an objective or a group of objectives, the obvious need of strategy fixation takes on priority along with the proper execution of that strategy. It is mostly found that the objectives had been fixed first and the strategies are set to accomplish the objectives. As a leader, the need of self resilience is needed most for the purpose of proving me to be at par with the need of the situation which arises from the different level of execution of any strategy. If the situation goes adverse, the strategy is to be rethought for further fixation of strategy or to be modified with the needed changes to accomplish the objectives. Self resilience is one of the great qualities of a leader who has the te am and who needs to motivate the team in adverse situation with the changes of strategy. It is mostly found that good leader assesses his ability with the true valuation of different qualities out of which self resilience is big factor for success or to prove one as good leader. Readiness for Leadership Role: It is told universally that leaders cannot be made but they are born. In the present situation of different challenges to be faced in work as well as in my personal life, I think leadership claims a vital role for accomplishment of objectives, particularly when the objective is connected with the team effort. From my point of view, the role of leadership is needed most for this situation. It is mostly welcomed when the trait theory of leadership is practiced by the leader to have the patience of listening to other team members and decide with the best possible strategy to be opted to succeed in the assignment. I have also found that the old practice of dictating attitude does not work and the self realization of the leader should lead to the concept of listening to other team members for amicable route to ensure success. Leadership Experience Audit: In case of doing audit of self leadership, the role of experience plays a vital role. I have found that leaders are chosen from experienced personality due to their knowledge of theory and application related to the subject. Experience makes a leader more authentic and can command the situation with the expertise and experience. The audit of experience regarding leadership is needed to find out the level of success on the issue for which the leadership is sought. This is a parameter of my assessment regarding the virtue of leadership with finding the probability of success through the way of leadership approach which can lead to successful leadership. Behaviors and Attitudes Reflecting Charisma: The outer look matters in every field of life which is made by my projection. A leader is an identity which drives the team towards the destination of success and his personal appearance with physical projection and gestural attitude. The presentable way of focusing the entity who is intending to be the leader should possess behavioral gesture and personal charisma to influence the team and the others allied to the project. I have found that the leader with strong behavioral approach with pleasant personality can project the identity with more successful charismatic approach towards the successful leadership. What style leader are you? The style of leadership opted by me, should be of trait theory of leadership which allows the team members to express their views related to the assignment and with the mutual discussion between the leader and the team member the probable strategy is being fixed for the accomplishment. What is your propensity to take risks? To be a good leader, the ability to take risk is one of the prime factors. To take the risk, the evaluation of risk management is to be done perfectly to mitigate the risks with negative output. Proper analysis of the risk factors and with the subsequent justified decision for opting of the risk is a great quality of perfect leader. Measuring Your Situational Perspective: According to me situational perspective means the analysis of situation with properly measuring the perspective of that situation. It is mostly found that the situation cannot be assessed properly by the leader and that may cause adverse impact on the project. A good leader can study the situation and thus ensures the success of the assignment by opting for the perfect strategies. Quality of Leader-Member Relations: Being a leader as per trait theory, the follower should opt for listening to everybody with the ambience of openness in the team and that will direct the team along with leader and members to succeed in the assignment.

Povertys Effects Mexican-American Students free essay sample

Many students who are not living in the United States of America are attending American public schools for free. In 1982, the Supreme Court made it illegal for schools to investigate a family’s immigration status (Brown). Laws make it impossible for a school to restrict undocumented immigrants or non-residents from attending. May 2014, Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. and Education Secretary Arne Duncan delivered a reminder to schools that refusing undocumented children an education is against federal law (Preston). Secretary Arne Duncan also made a statement saying, â€Å"Our goal must be to educate, not to intimidate† (Preston). American citizens should not have to pay taxes to support students that are not citizens of the U.S.A. or traveling students that do not live in the school’s district. If an American student is living in Mexico, that student should attend school in Mexico, not the United States. By rule of federal law, public schools are unable to request documentation, as previously stated. We will write a custom essay sample on Povertys Effects: Mexican-American Students or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The federal government if forcing school districts to accept all students; Plyler v. Doe (1982) made a major impact on the court’s decision. According to Cornell University’s Law school, â€Å"Plyler v. Doe is a U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court struck down a Texas statute that denied funding to local school districts for the education of children who were not legally admitted into the United States, and which authorized local school districts to deny enrollment to such children (Cornell). The Court held that illegal aliens and their children, though not citizens of the United States or Texas, are people in any ordinary sense of the term and, therefore, are afforded Fourteenth Amendment protections and that since the state law severely disadvantaged the children of without a compelling state interest† it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment† (Cornell). These laws should be changed. Amendments to the Constitution exist f or a reason. Only those that support the â€Å"liberty† of the United States of America as a whole should benefit from its grace and protection. It is important for every child to receive an education, but not at the great expense to another country, in this case, the United States. Schools impact students in a number of positive ways including classes providing health and physical education information that discourage unhealthy behavior. Children in low income or struggling homes often drop out of school, and tend to get into trouble more than students who continue school and graduate. Numbers seem to be even higher for Mexican children, and the young ages of the affected children are astonishing. One negative effect is the broad number of smoking minors and drug users. The International Journal of Behavioral Medicine explains one study done based on the numbers of Latino smoking children and teens. â€Å"In a recent study, Moreno et al. (1994) found that Mexican and Mexica n-American parents are more likely to prompt, directly or indirectly, their seventh grade adolescents to engage in smoking-related behaviors than parents from other ethnic groups† (Sallis). America’s hard-earned tax dollars are spent on undocumented students that do not help support the school district’s funding. A major point in the argument for traveling students from Mexico to the United States is their citizenship. Hundreds, maybe even thousands, of undocumented Mexican immigrants have children in the United States every year. These children are legal American citizens even though their parents are not. American children whose parents do not live in America do not contribute to the national and local taxes. Traveling students that reside in Mexico and attend United States schools add to the financial problems.The students use up American taxes and put unnecessary pressure on the school districts. No, it is not necessarily fair to the students themselves, but it is not right that they travel and a separate school district is made responsible for their tuition fees. Sandra Dibble wrote about the struggles traveling students face in her article â€Å"Pr ogram helps U.S. students in Mexican schools†. She seems to approve of the student’s undocumented attendance in United States schools. It is hard for kids, who were raised in America, to make it in Tijuana schools even though their families are of Mexican origin, and many speak Spanish at home. Dibble explains that many of the students consider themselves American and want to return to their old schools. New York Times journalist Patricia Leigh Brown published an article that states, â€Å"Ed Brand, superintendent of the Sweetwater Union High School District in Chula Vista, says an American citizen living outside the county would pay tuition of $7,162.† So, for every student in that district that should be unapproved, $7,162 is spent (Brown). Studies in 2010 showed that Mexico spent a minimal average of $2,993 per student (Washington AP). If a country is not willing or able to meet the growing needs of its students it should not be the required duty of another country to do so. Figure 1 displays the education spending for multiple countries. Mexico, shown in red, spent $2,765 per student in 2011 while the United States, shown in blue, spent $11,841 per student.The statistics presented are troubling because as costs are rising, Mexico is decreasing its education funding (Washington AP). Education is Mexico will have a dismal future if changes are not made. Rising financial pressures, caused by the Mexican government and economy, have pushed families to illegally immigrate. The outrageous number of undocumented immigrants and students in the United States are primarily caused by Mexico’s inability to support its people. Mexico needs to take responsibility for its citizens. The government of Mexico should pay a minimum of $2,993, or $2,765 depending on which year data is taken from, to the United States government for every Mexican student that attends American public schools. A stipend would assist the United States and give more students of Mexican origin an opportunity to attend school without draining the education taxes. Traveling and undocumented students would no longer have to hide behind a shameful facade built on lies. The students have shown themselves to be hard workers fighting for an education. A fee based on location, nationality, and family income would benefit both the students and the U.S. government. Of course the Mexican government lacks the funds to fully pay for all of the children attending schools in America, but a plan such as this could help more students thrive. If successful students can achieve great things in America, they can help cultivate a strong educational program in Mexico. The motivation is there, but students need funding and more opportunities. Positive results can come from a stressful and confusing issue such as the fight for education. By implementing necessary changes needed to government policy, politicians would greatly improve the education in schools needed in the United States of America.

buy custom National Organization of Students Needing Help essay

buy custom National Organization of Students Needing Help essay The following plan outlines the various ways to follow in order to make National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) successful. This organization intends to utilize the student union to bring change to the various factors affecting the student fraternity. NOCASH aims at reaching majority of the college going students in America. This is aimed at unifying the force towards bringing an improved welfare for the students both in schools and within the nation. NOCASH aims at pushing for consideration of the American students when making policies concerning the American society. NOCASH as a group however, is to face several setbacks in the quest for the various goals. This will need making of various decisions aimed at overcoming the challenges (Binodananda 48). Overcoming obstacles The organization National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) anticipates various setbacks in their goals. These need to be checked and suitable plans made to ensure the goals are not only met but the goals are also met in a timely and accurate manner. Some of this setbacks and the recommended plan to overcome them include; a) Financial obstacles The organization NOCASH faces lack of adequate finances as a major challenge that threatens to ground the activities of the organization. These can however be overcome through a combination of measures which include; Carrying out of charity work mainly in government projects in return for funding in various activities. These will also go a long way into popularizing the organization within the country since many government projects are usually national wide. Some of these activities include assisting in environmental protection and preservation activities The organization NOCASH can also seek funding from donors who appreciate the role of student organizations within the schools, the student lives and the American nation. NOCASH should also seek to raise some cash from the registration fees of the members. This will help create a pool of finances for the running of the organization. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) can also utilize their numbers to raise cash for their organization. This is to happen through the creation of an advertising platform for various companies aiming to reach out to college students. b) Leadership obstacles NOCASH as an organization targeting to go national is likely to face leadership problems due to t its size and number of members in the organization nationally. This obstacle however can be overcome through delegating duties to various students in the various regions or states of the United States of America .These will alo go a long way into painting the group as a national organization hence having a greater Impact (Dunkel and Schuh 34). c) Membership problems The organization NOCASH also faces a major challenge of inadequate membership. This obstacle to NOCASHs success can be overcome through various member motivating strategies. These include; NOCASH should provide adequate forums for interaction between the students and the working fraternity. This will help address the issue of unemployment through creating links between the students and their potential employers (Binodananda 67). The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) should also come up with a rewarding system who introduces a friend to the organization. This will help motivate existing members to recruit more individuals into the group. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) should also utilize various media in reaching out to the college students. The various media that can be utilized include; the social media, emails, articles in college magazines and the national papers. NOCASH will also have to utilize various popular and well wishing personalities to appeal to the college students. NOCASH should also look forward to sponsoring various college student activities such as camps, inter-college competitions and college parties. These events should have conditions such as: free entry for the members and additional benefits such as VIP treatment for active individuals. These will help attract all college going students to NOCASH. Such activities can also provide good avenues to sell merchandise hence raising some revenue for the organization. In future the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) should look forward at giving cheap gifts to its members on crucial days and festivals such as the members birthdays (Dunkel and Schuh 13). Strategies The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) has various major objectives. These include, mobilizing public opinion and influencing and persuading elected leaders. These objectives need to be met without straining the financial muscle of the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH).The strategies aimed at achieving these goals include; Strategies towards mobilizing public opinion The strategies aimed at mobilizing public opinion are; championing for the national rights of college students; promoting morality among the students nationally; pushing for the protection of the environment and raising the red flag in cases of government oppression on the students and their parents. These will help to create an image of a caring organization to the public hence rallying massive public support.. This will help the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) to be an organization to reckon with in the United States (Binodananda 32). Strategies towards influencing and persuading elected leaders The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) intends to mobilize its members and all supportive parties (such as the parents to college students) during the general elections to vote for leaders who, embrace the rights of college students, aim at improving the lives of the common American citizen. This will come along way into ensuring the society minded leaders are put into office. These efforts of the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) will send messages to the electorate on the power of the organization. The actions of the organization also aim at putting into power leaders who will be willing to work with NOCASH (Dunkel and Schuh 56). Other student organizations in America In America there are various student organizations that have been existent. These organizations experience varying levels of popularity among the American college students. Some are recognized nationally while others are only recognized within the boundaries of the specific colleges. Some of these organizations include;theStudentVeterans of America; the skills U.S.A and the student organization of Washington university. These organizations have utilized strategies such as using the national mass media to popularize their activities. This strategy can be utilized by the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) to popularize their favorite leaders in future elections as well as popularize the activities of NOCASH. These organizations have also utilized strategies such as working together with community churches to help promote morality of the college students. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) can utilize this policy too. NOCASH can utilize this strategy not only to impart morals to its members and influence public support. The student organizations in America also utilize the strategy of producing clothing with information supporting their membership (Binodananda 45). The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) should utilize this measure to increase its popularity as well as the popularity of its preferred candidate for any leadership position. Competitors The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) has some competitors in catering for the needs of college students. A good example is the US Public Interest Research Group. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) can overcome their influence by working close with its members who are students. Buy custom National Organization of Students Needing Help essay

Networking Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Networking - Coursework Example This project is vital to outlining a new network configuration that improves the current network system. The project will promote the achievement of the end users requirements by ensuring a consistent and reliable network that is accessible at any given time. Also, ensuring consistent data encryption is vital for the network system security.  The current network structure has undergone multiple changes since its instigation aimed at improving it over time. The prior network was not up to the standards that could support the expectations of the network system end user. The preceding network design was considered unstable and slower in communication response time. This is because the prior network configuration was not centralized to a single network administrator that would manage the access grants for the end user accessing the internet (McNab, 2008).  The main factors to be considered in the design and development of this network include elements like the budget costing which wi ll be allocated for ensuring data security through encryption and data back center. The cost will include the manpower for installing a new server to facilitate data backup and storage services. The compatibility of the proposed network components with other sections of the network arrangement is viable since adding a server for data storage and security plus configuring the router. The external backup server will ensure the availability of resources which subsequently maintains consistent system usability.

Service Encounters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Service Encounters - Essay Example ement of an organization is therefore charged with a responsibility of ensuring that they acquire and sustain a competitive advantage over the other competing organizations that provide similar services. To be able to achieve this, the management relies on their employees to provide the customers with the level of satisfaction that can make the customers develop good reputations for the organization (Connoley, n.d, p.5). In this regard, it will be the major role of the front-line officers in a service industry to ensure that there is a kind of rapport created between them and the customers at the first instant in order to retain the customers for a long time. One of the key issues to be addressed in the service industry is how the customers perceive the kind of service that they are given by the particular industry. This is primarily determined by the kind of ‘dyadic’ interaction that occurs between the customers and the service providers (Bitner et al, 1990, p2). The service encounter and subsequent relationship developed between the customers and the front office service providers make the management of the organizations value the employees as one of the most valuable assets in the organization. The diverse expectations of the participants in a service industry makes social encounters complicated in a number of ways. Firstly, the employees that are delivering the service need to derive some level of job satisfaction in the way they perform their duties. There is also a need to satisfy the needs of the customers in the industry. This makes these two actors become important participants in the service industry (Solomon et al, 1985, p). The quality of services provided by a given organization may be pointed out by the customers. The complaints that are given by the customers concerning the quality of the services offered by an organization can help the management of the organization establish the cause of a given problem in the delivery process (Tax & Brown,

What are the key elements of cbt

What are the key elements of cbt According to Beck, the cognitive approach to psychotherapy is best viewed as the application of the cognitive model of a particular disorder with the use of a variety of techniques designed to modify dysfunctional beliefs and faulty information processing characteristic of each disorder. At its current stage of development, CBT is considered one of the best validated psychotherapies available (Bennett-Levy et al. 2004, Salkovskis 1996), indeed, surveys indicate that CBT is fast becoming the majority orientation of practising psychologists (Gaudiano 2008). The fundamental premise of CBT is that emotional experience, behaviour and physiological sensations are influenced by individuals cognitive processes. Each of these realms of human experience is synergistically co-determining, with cognition mediating their reciprocal interrelationship (Sanders and Wills 2005); Clark Steer in Salkovskis, 1996). CBT asserts that the appraisal or meaning assigned by an individual to these processes t hat will determine their impact on psychological well-being (Beck 1976). Essentially, there may be several alternative ways of looking at experiences (Salkovskis 1996), that individuals actively construct their realities (Clark Steer in Salkovskis, 1996). The crucial role of cognitions in predisposing and maintaining psychological difficulties is emphasised, cognitive techniques are therefore viewed as a key element of the intervention process (Clark Steer in Salkovskis, 1996). The CBT model proposes that psychopathology is the product of faulty information processing that manifests itself in distorted and dysfunctional thinking which directly leads to negative emotions and maladaptive behaviours. Therapy aims to help clients identify and modify these distorted patterns of thinking (Bennett-Levy et al. 2004) by empowering them to choose alternative ways of interpreting and reacting, drawing from the fullest possible range of alternatives available. Psychopathology is conceptualise d as occurring on a continuum, symptoms being viewed as extreme variants of relatively common human experiences. For example, in anxiety disorders, cognitive models specify circumstances under which otherwise normal cognitive processes become stuck resulting in pathological levels of anxiety (Salkovskis 1996). Furthermore, CBT postulates the existence of cognitive styles and biases characteristic of particular psychological disorders known as the cognitive content specificity hypothesis. In practice, CBT is a collaborative, time limited, structured, educational, empirical and active form of therapy utilising a variety of methods, some specific to CBT, others adopted from other therapeutic approaches. Not only has CBT developed rapidly since Becks seminal work on depression, it has also changed greatly over the last 15 years with the emergence of CBTs 3rd wave approaches (Mansell 2008). Therapies falling under the CBT umbrella now include problem-solving therapy, DBT, ACT, rational-emotive behaviour therapy, cognitive processing therapy, MBCT and cognitive behavioural analysis of psychotherapy (Gaudiano 2008). Initially, this paper will explore the defining characteristics of conventional, mainstream CBT providing a brief overview of therapys structured format, its emphasis on collaborative therapeutic relationships and its cognitive and behavioural intervention techniques. The paper will endeavour to highlight throughout the defining characteristics of CBT, namely, i ts empirical, educational, parsimonious and adaptable approach to treatment using examples from a variety of clinical disorders. Examination of the main tenets of CBT will be followed by discussion of limitations associated with the approach. CBT has been criticised on multiple fronts, both from within CBT and from alternative therapeutic perspectives (Andersson and Asmundson 2008). A number of CBTs critiques will be examined including CBTs coherence as a theoretical framework, the role of the therapeutic relationship, its applicability across various populations and its current status within the broader socio-political context of mental health care provision. Limitations will be evaluated given recent developments within the discipline, primarily the emergence of the complementary therapeutic approaches heretofore mentioned. This paper will examine whether recent developments have sufficiently addressed CBTs limitations and will conclude with a discussion of possible areas of futur e research and development within the discipline. Case Conceptualisation CT is not a technique driven treatment, it should be driven by individual case conceptualisations that are based on a specific cognitive model (Wells 1997). The CBT assessment is a valuable opportunity to engage and socialise the client in the CBT approach, in which the therapist encourages the client to view therapy as a no lose experiment. In contrast to other therapeutic approaches, CBT assessments primarily focus on a detailed description of the current presenting problem (frequency, circumstances/situational aspects and associated distress levels), analysis of symptom, cognitive and behavioural details, historical and aetiological factors (primarily predisposing or triggering factors) and social/environmental influences. The majority of assessment is devoted to the identification and objectification of current presenting problems. Symptom presentation may be analysed in terms of its antecedents, associated appraisals and beliefs and emotional or behavioural consequences (Wells 1 997). In panic disorder, assessment would focus on the nature of catastrophic misinterpretations, a detailed description of the primary feared symptoms and the nature of safety and avoidance behaviours (Wells 1997). During assessment and indeed throughout the course of therapy, symptom and mood measures are used to establish base line rates and to assist in monitoring progress over time. Assessment is an important element of the formulation or cognitive case conceptualisation process. Case conceptualisation is envisaged as the process whereby client and therapist reach a shared understanding of the origins, development and maintenance of the clients problems. The formulation is an overview, essentially a working hypothesis, which is open to testing and verification throughout therapy and provides a tentative intervention plan. Conceptualisation is an active and continuing process throughout therapy, thus, the formulation is open to addition and revision as therapy proceeds (Sanders and Wills 2005). As the client becomes increasingly socialised in the CBT approach, SBs and cognitive biases may be incorporated into the initial formulation to aid clarity, understanding and planning. Crucially, the evolving formulation educates the client in the interaction between thoughts, emotions, behaviour and physiology, illustrating how the elements interact, trigger and maintain their problems. The assessment and formulation process allow the therapist to draw upon their knowledge of cognitive models of psychological difficulties, tailoring these models and associated protocols to the individuals case conceptualisation, thereby creating a bridge between theory and practice. At its simplest level, the formulation may be a diagrammatic representation of the clients problems, in which therapist and client plot the sequence of events in symptom presentation, often using vicious cycles (Wells 1997). The formulation represents the first stage in creating a cognitive set for the processing of alternative explanation of the clients problems (Wells 1997). However, there is a scarcity of evidence linking quality or style of formulation and therapeutic outcome (Sanders and Wills 2005); its value lies, from a practitioner viewpoint, in representing a roadmap of how therapy might proceed and possible intervention avenues. Structure and Format The brief nature of CBT necessitates a highly structured and goal directed format to be adopted from the outset. Through the negotiation of agendas, goals, a problem list, summaries and completion of self-guided activities (homework) (Padesky and Greenberger 1995), CBT maintains a focused, results oriented approach. At the beginning of each therapy session, an agenda is collaboratively devised and agreed upon, each session typically including a review of the clients mood, feedback, client and therapist agenda items, review and agreement of homework tasks (Sanders and Wills 2005). In early therapy sessions, the generation of a problem list (a practice inherited from behaviourism) highlights the main areas in which the client wishes to see improvement and guides target areas (Sanders and Wills 2005). Goal setting, which typically occurs at the end of the assessment, allows client and therapist to clearly define and operationalise the gains the client wishes to make by the end of therap y (Sanders and Wills 2005). A central component of CBT practice is self guided activity or homework. CBTs educational and self-help ethos seeks to empower the individual to ultimately become their own therapist, the completion of homework tasks outside session reinforce this learning experience. Homework can be enormously varied, from reading self help material to conducting behavioural experiments. Ideally, homework is devised collaboratively with a clear rationale for treatment gain. As therapy proceeds and the client becomes increasingly socialised to CBT, the client can adopt an increasingly independent role in devising homework with decreasing levels of therapist input. CBTs brief duration is greatly aided by the completion of homework outside session, enabling therapy to occur continuously in the clients own time. Successful homework completion has been associated with improved therapeutic outcomes, with clients who consistently complete homework between sessions improving more than patients who do not (B urns Auerbach in Salkovskis, 1996). Treatment including homework produced improved outcomes than treatment consisting entirely of in-session work (Kazantzis et al. 2003) Collaborative Therapeutic Alliance CBTs core competencies (Roth Pilling, 2007) affirm the importance of a collaborative therapeutic relationship within clinical practice. Competency as a CBT practitioner requires not only knowledge of cognitive models of psychopathology but also the ability to apply its theory in a structured manner. In practice, therapists must be able to formulate a useful case conceptualisation and apply empirically based clinical interventions within a collaborative therapeutic relationship (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). The collaborative element of the therapeutic relationship necessitates the adoption of a team work approach. This is underscored during therapy through the elicitation of client feedback, joint agreement of goals and frequent summaries by therapist and client to check understanding and learning. Collaboration is fostered by curiosity and inquisitiveness on the therapists behalf, both parties working in parallel towards achieving therapy goals. In contrast to alternative therapeutic approaches such as Psychodynamic, the therapeutic relationship is not conceived in of itself, to be the primary vehicle of clinical change in CBT. Beck, 1976, argued that although the qualities of a good therapeutic relationship are necessary, they are not sufficient as therapies active ingredient. Once the basic elements of the therapeutic relationship are established, CBT interventions may proceed (Burns Auerbach in Salkovskis, 1996). The importance of the therapeutic relationship within CBT has been reasserted over recent years. Demonstration that non-specific therapy factors, that is, the therapeutic relationship have an additive contribution to clinical improvement independent of CBT techniques has emphasised the importance of the alliance within CBT. These research findings illustrate that client subjective appraisal of the quality of the therapeutic relationship and therapist empathy are crucial (Squier 1990). Clients of practitioners wh o where rated as warmest and most empathic improved significantly more than patients of therapists with the lowest empathy ratings. Therefore, the quality of the therapeutic relationship, even in a technical form of therapy like CBT, has a significant impact on clinical improvement (Sanders and Wills 2005). As with other forms of therapy, the fundamental characteristics of a good therapeutic relationship such as accurate listening, empathy and congruence are vital for effective CBT practice (Sanders and Wills 2005). Guided Discovery Guided discovery, the primary learning process within CBT, teaches clients to question their own thoughts and beliefs (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). Therapists guide discovery verbally through questioning and experientially through BEs. Through this process, clients evaluate alternative perspectives or information which may be outside their immediate conscious awareness but when considered informs and impacts their existing thoughts, predictions and beliefs. Through the practice of collaborative empiricism, client and therapist adopt an experimental approach (Wells 1997), treating thoughts as hypotheses open to testing and verification (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). CBT encompasses interventions targeting cognitive content, from NATs to schema level and cognitive processes known as metacognition. Using Socratic dialogue, the therapist guides the client to uncover new information, integrating and generalizing these new insights into their thinking. The use of synthesising questions allows the therapist and client to extrapolate from the concrete to the abstract, applying information gleaned in the current discussion to previous ideas, thus facilitating generalizability and the construction of new beliefs. Socratic dialogue has been conceptualised as a means of loosening NATs, priming clients to consider alternative possibilities, increasing their range of attention, memory and highlighting cognitive biases in action. Thought records, a content focused intervention, enables the examination of evidence for and against a negative automatic thought, the identification of alternative perspectives and associated belief levels. The identification of the most salient or affect inducing thought (hot thought) focuses client and therapist on emotively charged and potentially debilitating or maintaining thoughts. Belief ratings assist in the distancing process, emphasising that thoughts are not true or false in a dichotomous sense. Moreover, thought records allow client and therapist to identify predictions which can be subjected to testing (Wells 1997). Whilst working with DAs, it may be more appropriate to emphasise the construction of new, more adaptive alternatives rather than attempting to disprove old rules using evidence for/against or examining pros/cons (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). Cognitive techniques targeting the core belief and schema levels such as positive data logs and retrospective though t records enable the generation of new helpful, alternative beliefs over a prolonged time period or the re-evaluation of past experiences using present day focus. Traditionally, CBT has tended to focus upon language content; metacognitive perspectives (thinking about thinking or the meaning of thinking) assert the importance of maladaptive cognitive processes in the development, maintenance and treatment of psychological problems. Advocates suggest that challenging of negative thoughts or beliefs targets the output or end product of dysfunctional metacognitive processes. Metacognitive awareness therefore highlights process level maintaining factors, for example, through the use of frequency counts; the client may record the number of intrusive thoughts or duration of ruminative thinking and associated impact on mood (Sanders and Wills 2005). Imagery based cognitive techniques are used when the clients thoughts and emotions present in visual rather than verbal form or when imagery is their preferred form of expression (Sanders Wills, 2005). For example, in social phobia, the clients fear of social rejection and perceived lack of coping skills may come to mind as an image of themselves blushing and being publicly humiliated. Therapeutic interventions focus upon restructuring or altering the form or content of images. The client can be encouraged to re-imagine an image, altering its appearance or creating a new ending finishing out (Wells 1997). In PTSD, in which intrusive memories and images maintain the current threat cycle, imagery techniques are used to contextualise the trauma image, embedding it within its historical context, thereby disabling its contribution to current threat perception. Behavioural techniques Behavioural intervention techniques such as activity scheduling and BEs have been described as the most powerful means of cognitive change (Wells 1997). The effectiveness of behavioural activation (BA), graded increases in activity levels and exercise has been demonstrated, particularly in depression (Westbrook et al. 2007). BA promotes improvements in mood and feelings of self-efficacy through focus upon increasing opportunities for enjoyment, mastery and pleasure. Activity schedules enable a baseline level to be established, plan future activities, increase problem solving and demonstrate to the client their current activities and achievements (Beck in Salkovkis, 1996). BA is typically the first intervention target in depression, progressive increases in activity levels and associated improvements in mood allow therapy to proceed to more cognitively focused tasks which may have been initially impossible. BEs are experiential exercises which enable clients to test hypotheses through action, reality check their predictions and generate new perspectives thus facilitating emotionally grounded change (Bennett-Levy et al. 2004). BEs are highly adaptable in design and implementation, in which the client may be an active participant or observer, can occur independently or with therapist support either in session or in vivo. BEs are most successful, that is, produce maximum cognitive change if outcomes that support the various hypotheses are clearly operationalised, results are reviewed in detail and their impact on existing beliefs openly discussed (Bennett-Levy et al. 2004). The potency of BEs as learning experiences means that a limited number of well designed BEs can not only target NATs but also begin to undermine dysfunctional assumptions and beliefs. Informed by the experiential learning cycle and adult learning theory, BE design is envisaged as containing four key elements: planning, experiencing, observing and reflecting. Each stage represents an opportunity to question predictions, generate new ideas and test them in everyday life. Theoretical considerations of the mechanisms of change underlying BEs invoke multilevel information processing models such as Teasdales ICS model (Teasdale in Salkovskis, 1996). ICS outlines two qualitatively different information processing systems, a propositional, logical, rational, verbal, affect-free processing system and an implicational, non-linguistic, rapid, experiential, emotionally salient learning system. According to the ICS model, the value of BEs is their ability to create enactive procedures that activate different schematic models. Essentially, BEs enable enactment of different ways of being rather than solely providing evidence which when rationally considered leads to belief chang e. In contrast to the cognitive techniques previously discussed, BEs are though to operate on both the propositional and implicational levels enabling a felt sense of their results. It is assumed that verbal cognitive techniques exclusively operate on the propositional level unless affect is stimulated. Research conducted with trainee practitioners has demonstrated that BEs produce significantly greater cognitive and behavioural change than thoughts records (Bennett-Levy 2003), although evidence for their specific effectiveness is sparse (Bennett-Levy et al. 2004). CBTs oft quoted limitations have been described as myths by those within mainstream CBT (Westbrook et al. 2007), critiques have originated however both within and external to the discipline (Andersson and Asmundson 2008). The following discussion will examine some of the main themes of this somewhat polarized debate, contextualising views within the reality of present day evidence-based, cost/efficiency focused, stepped care service delivery. It will argue that recent developments within CBT have done much to counteract its limitations and that CBTs future course will be defined by its ability to integrate increasingly fragmented perspectives into its ever evolving framework. Coherence According to Salkovskis, 2002, theory and empirical evaluation are central to developments within CBT; there is a continuous reciprocal relationship between science and practice. In recent years however, the necessity of cognitive intervention techniques, one of CBTs defining characteristics which differentiates it from other therapeutic approaches has been questioned (Jacobson et al. 1996). The necessity of logico-rational strategies to directly challenge and modify maladaptive thoughts has been questioned (Longmore and Worrell 2007);(Ilardi and Craighead 1994). A number of empirical anomalies within CBTs outcome literature have inspired this debate (Hayes et al. 2004). Component analyses investigating the necessary and effective elements of CBT have in some cases failed to demonstrate added value of cognitive intervention techniques. In a study of major depression, comparison of treatment conditions comprising of BA, BA with challenging of automatic thoughts and CBT resulted in equ ivalent performance across conditions at conclusion of therapy, 6 month follow up and in relapse rates at 2 years (Jacobson et al. 1996). The ambiguity has further intensified due to CBTs delay in researching its mechanisms of change, which according to (Burns and Spangler 2001) often fail to conform to cognitive model predictions. Additionally, measuring changes in the cognitive mediators of a disorder (thoughts and beliefs implicated by a cognitive model in disorder maintenance) do not appear to precede symptomatic improvement, thereby challenging cognitions assumed mediating role in therapeutic change. The course of this ongoing debate would appear to be directly in contrast with Salkovskis description of CBTs empirical focus above. The clarification of the essential and effective components of CBT practice across ranges of severity and CBT formats appears to be required (Waddington,) This equivocation is further exacerbated by characteristics instilled by CBTs integrative development. CBTs foundations in BT and CT have resulted in the development of a diverse and at times contradictory nomenclature (Mansell 2008). Its roots in clinical observations rather than empirical research, led to a disconnect with cognitive science and neuroscience (Gaudiano 2008). Furthermore, CBT has been criticised for its inability to define itself and its lack of coherence as a theoretical framework (Mansell, 2008). Although there is general agreement on the key characteristics of CBT, outlined earlier in this paper, there is not an accepted definition of the essential elements that comprise CBT. The recent proliferation of competing theoretical frameworks such as ICS, SPAARS, S-REF RFT has propelled CBT further from its foundations and towards increasing complexity and fragmentation. A reductionistic, mechanistic model of distress CBTs opponents have argued its approach is mechanistic, overly rationalistic (Greenberg and Safran 1987), fails to address the entire individual and has limited utility for people with long term or complex problems (Gaudiano, 2010). Critics cite its focus on the here and now, its lack of attention to developmental history, interpersonal relationships and CBTs technique driven focus governed by rigid protocols (Sanders and Wills, 2005). CBTs response has been two fold, further research and refinement of its cognitive models and intervention enhancements tackling enduring and complex problems utilising Schema Focused Therapy (SFT). For example, Becks initial schematic model of depression was augmented to include the concepts of modes and charges to account for findings of diathesis-stress, the relationship between cognition and personality and the phenomena of sensitization and remission (Beck in Salkovkis, 1996). This pattern can be observed in many cognitive models in which research findings have been integrated to provide a more comprehensive account, for example, the finding that self-directed attention is a critical mediator in social phobia. Schemas are unlikely to become a primary therapeutic target in conventional, short term CBT unless necessitated by client material or pose a significant risk factor for relapse. SFT developed from studies of CT non-responders and relapsers, so called treatment failures. These individuals were characterised as having more rigid cognitive structures, a history of chronic, lifelong psychological difficulties and deeply engrained maladaptive belief systems. These schemas were formed in troubled or abusive childhoods, resulting in the childs development of maladaptive coping or survival styles. Developed for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), SFT builds upon its CBT foundations assimilating elements from attachment, psychodynamic (particularly object relations) and emotion focused perspectives, incorporating a range of therapeutic techniques from these approaches (Kellogg and Young 2006). A primary mechanism of change within SFT is limited reparenting, therapist and c lient dialogues enable the nurturing of the client as an abandoned child thereby challenging harsh and punitive adult relationships from early childhood. The therapeutic relationship is the antithesis of traumatic childhood relationships, an arena for clients to identify and test beliefs about relationships, practice alternative new behaviours and learn new ways of relating (Sanders and Wills, 2005). Patients are guided to generalise what they have learned in the therapeutic relationship to relationships outside of therapy. Confrontational, adversarial and dehumanizing Critics have asserted that CBT frames the client as a passive recipient of technical interventions (Strong et al. 2008), the CBT practitioner as controlling, medicalising, concerned with employing techniques and seeking evidence (Mansell, 2008; Sanders Wills, 2005). The use of technical terminology such as administered and implemented within CBT does little to assuage these concerns. Conversely, CBT advocates maintain that it is not an assembly of techniques applied mechanistically (Salkovkis, 1996). Research has demonstrated that CBT patients rate their therapists higher on various relationship variables (interpersonal skills, accurate empathy and support) than psychodynamic therapists, their level of active listening was found to be equivalent to insight-oriented therapists (Keijsers et al. 2000). The integration of a compassion based focus within CBT has further enriched and reinforced the importance of the therapeutic alliance. Compassion focused therapy (CFT) developed from observations that people with high levels of shame and self-criticism find it difficult being warm, compassionate and kind to themselves (Gilbert 2009), that they often use a harsh, bullying manner when attempting to change their thoughts and behaviours. People who are unable to self-sooth find it difficult being reassured or remaining calm when considering alternative thoughts or engaging in new behaviours. In CFT, the role of the therapist to help the client experience safety in their interactions, to feel safe with what is explored in therapy and to ultimately replace self-criticism with self-kindness. In compassionate mind training, the client learns the skills and attributes of compassion through modelling of the therapists compassionate abilities. CFT focuses upon the client experiencing alternativ e thoughts as kind, supportive and helpful. Throughout therapy, the client is taught to use warmth, compassion and gentleness as their foundation from which to move into more challenging activities. Limited applicability to certain populations: the psychologically minded Critical evaluations of CBT have highlighted its potential weakness and limited evidence-base for children, older adults (Kazantzis et al. 2003) and people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Critics argue whether CBT models and techniques can be applied to these disparate populations or whether CBT is best suited for the population in which it was developed. The extant literature has highlighted particular characteristics that engender suitability for CBT including, the ability to access thoughts, recognise, differentiate and label emotions, link events and emotions, understand the mediating role of cognitions and assume responsibility for change (James et al, 2001). Within ID, research is required on potential barriers to treatment that may or may not arise from capacity and motivational factors. CBT being an essentially linguistic method presents unique challenges within ID, cognitive techniques being more difficult to apply as verbal ability decreases (Willner and Hatton 2006). Furthermore, there has been a paucity of research within mainstream CBT regarding the applicability and validity of CBT models to ID (Willner and Hatton 2006). NICE guidelines for children indicate CBT, in either group or individual format for depression (NICE, 2005) and moderate to severe ADHD (NICE, 2006). Research investigating child focused CBT interventions have been almost exclusively derived from adult treatment protocols, with insufficient attention devoted to their applicability to children (Cartwright-Hatton and Murray 2008) or developmentally appropriate intervention techniques (Doherr et al. 2005); (OConnor and Creswell 2008). For example, it has not yet been demonstrated, that a childs developmental stage predicts treatment outcome. The role of family in child-focused CBT is receiving increased attention. Research investigating parental cognitions as triggering or maintaining factors in childhood problems have resulted in their incorporation within child-focused models. A recent study demonstrated that socially phobic mothers encourage their infants to interact less with a friendly stranger than mothers with GAD, which is predi ctive of the extent to which the child subsequently shows anxiety in the presence of a stranger (de Rosnay et al. 2006). Parental anxiety has also been found to be a significant predictor of treatment failure of individual child treatment. Preliminary evidence suggests that treating one family member whether it is parent or child can have secondary effects on other family members difficulties. A panacea for psychological distress Clinical significance analysis reveals that one third to a half of clients achieve recovery following CBT (or any other form of psychological therapy) (Westbrook et al, 2007). Therefore, it is clear that CBT and other therapeutic approaches cannot be conceived as a panacea for psychological problems. For a number of disorders, specifically tailored variants of CBT are recommended, often in parallel with family centred approaches, for example, anorexia and bulimia nervosa (NICE, 2004). CBTs impressive evidence base for depression and anxiety disorder treatment has encouraged the creation of the Increasing Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme in the UK (Ghosh 2009). IAPT focuses upon rapid throughput of patients aiming to reduce waiting list times and move 50% of people treated towards recovery (Rachman and Wilson 2008). IAPT draws heavily upon the NICE depression guidelines and Layards work on happiness (Layard, 2006) which outlined the social and economic costs of depre ssion and psychological problems. Mental health research has been dominated by symptom based

Introduction to Debt Policy Essay -- essays research papers

When a firm grows, it needs capital, and that capital can come from debt or equity. Debt has two important advantages. First, interest paid on Debt is tax deductible to the corporation. This effectively reduces the debt’s effective cost. Second, debt holders get a fixed return so stockholders do not have to share their profits if the business is extremely successful. Debt has disadvantages as well, the higher the debt ratio, the riskier the company, hence higher the cost of debt as well as equity. If the company suffers financial hardships and the operating income is not sufficient to cover interest charges, its stockholders will have to make up for the shortfall and if they cannot, bankruptcy will result. Debt can be an obstacle that blocks a company from seeing better times even if they are a couple of quarters away. Capital structure policy is a trade-off between risk and return:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using debt raises the risk borne by stock holders  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using more debt generally leads to a higher expected rate on equity. There are four primary factors influence capital structure decisions:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business risk, or the riskiness inherent in the firm’s operations, if it uses no debt. The greater the firm’s business risk, the lower its optimal debt ratio.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firm’s tax position. A major reason for using debt is that interest is tax deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt. However if most of a firm’s income is already sheltered from taxes by depreciation tax shields, by interest on currently outstanding debt, or by tax loss carry forwards, its tax rate will already be low, so additional debt will not be as advantageous as it would be to a firm with a higher effective tax rate.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial flexibility or the ability to raise capital on reasonable terms under adverse conditions. Corporate treasurers know that a steady supply of capital is necessary for stable operations, which is vital for long-run success. They also know that when money is tight in the economy, or when a firm is experiencing operating difficulties, suppliers of capital prefer to provide funds to companies with strong balance sheets. Therefore, both the potential future need for funds and the consequences of a funds shortage influence the target capital struct... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  668,391 Total Value  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,234,077 Total per share = (Total Value)/(No. of Shares)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  60.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.43   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before re-capitalization, the weight of debt of the Kopper’s firm is around 9.1% (172,409 / 1,889,153) and the share price is $60.50. Issuing a debt of $1,738,095,000 has changed the capital structure of the firm and the new weight of Debt is 71.8% (1,738,095 / 2,421,486). Though, the share price has decreased to $23.76 after re-capitalization, shareholders have a cash flow of $79.43 due to the dividend of $55.67 (79.43 - 23.76) paid out. Share Price before Re-capitalization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $60.50 New Share Price after Re-capitalization (SP)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $23.76 Number of Shares (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28,128 Value of Dividend Paid Out (D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $1,565,686 Dividend Distributed per share (Div/share = D/N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $55.67 Total Value to Shareholder (SP + Div/Share)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $79.43 Introduction to Debt Policy Essay -- essays research papers When a firm grows, it needs capital, and that capital can come from debt or equity. Debt has two important advantages. First, interest paid on Debt is tax deductible to the corporation. This effectively reduces the debt’s effective cost. Second, debt holders get a fixed return so stockholders do not have to share their profits if the business is extremely successful. Debt has disadvantages as well, the higher the debt ratio, the riskier the company, hence higher the cost of debt as well as equity. If the company suffers financial hardships and the operating income is not sufficient to cover interest charges, its stockholders will have to make up for the shortfall and if they cannot, bankruptcy will result. Debt can be an obstacle that blocks a company from seeing better times even if they are a couple of quarters away. Capital structure policy is a trade-off between risk and return:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using debt raises the risk borne by stock holders  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using more debt generally leads to a higher expected rate on equity. There are four primary factors influence capital structure decisions:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business risk, or the riskiness inherent in the firm’s operations, if it uses no debt. The greater the firm’s business risk, the lower its optimal debt ratio.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firm’s tax position. A major reason for using debt is that interest is tax deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt. However if most of a firm’s income is already sheltered from taxes by depreciation tax shields, by interest on currently outstanding debt, or by tax loss carry forwards, its tax rate will already be low, so additional debt will not be as advantageous as it would be to a firm with a higher effective tax rate.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial flexibility or the ability to raise capital on reasonable terms under adverse conditions. Corporate treasurers know that a steady supply of capital is necessary for stable operations, which is vital for long-run success. They also know that when money is tight in the economy, or when a firm is experiencing operating difficulties, suppliers of capital prefer to provide funds to companies with strong balance sheets. Therefore, both the potential future need for funds and the consequences of a funds shortage influence the target capital struct... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  668,391 Total Value  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701,744  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,234,077 Total per share = (Total Value)/(No. of Shares)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  60.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.43   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before re-capitalization, the weight of debt of the Kopper’s firm is around 9.1% (172,409 / 1,889,153) and the share price is $60.50. Issuing a debt of $1,738,095,000 has changed the capital structure of the firm and the new weight of Debt is 71.8% (1,738,095 / 2,421,486). Though, the share price has decreased to $23.76 after re-capitalization, shareholders have a cash flow of $79.43 due to the dividend of $55.67 (79.43 - 23.76) paid out. Share Price before Re-capitalization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $60.50 New Share Price after Re-capitalization (SP)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $23.76 Number of Shares (N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28,128 Value of Dividend Paid Out (D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $1,565,686 Dividend Distributed per share (Div/share = D/N)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $55.67 Total Value to Shareholder (SP + Div/Share)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $79.43